फिनलैंड : संसार का सबसे अच्छा देश

न्यूजवीक पत्रिका ने 2010 में किए गए सर्वेक्षण के आधार पर फिनलैंड को संसार का सबसे अच्छा देश घोषित किया है। यह सर्वेक्षण पांच महत्वपूर्ण पैमानों- स्वास्थ्य, आर्थिक गतिशीलता, शिक्षा, राजनीतिक माहौल तथा जीवन की गुणवत्ता पर आधारित था। अनुसंधान प्रयोगशालाओं को स्थापित करने के लिए फिनलैंड आज बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनियों का सबसे पसंदीदा देश बन गया है। मानव विकास सूंचकाक के साथ-साथ विश्व आर्थिक मंच द्वारा घोषित प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक क्षमता में भी फिनलैंड को अग्रणी देश माना जाता है। फिनलैंड के विकास के क्या कारक हैं? इससे क्या सीखा जा सकता हैं? फिनलैंड के विश्वविद्यालयों तथा तकनीकी संस्थाओं को देश में नवाचार तथा अनुसंधान का वातावरण बनाने का श्रेय जाता है। यहां शोध तथा अनुसंधान में कार्यरत कर्मचारियों का अनुपात अमेरिका तथा जापान से भी अधिक है। भारत की तरह फिनलैंड भी किसी समय कृषि आधारित पंरपरागत अर्थव्यवस्था थी। ज्ञान आधारित अर्थव्यवस्था की शुरुआत 80 के दशक में की गई। तत्कालीन नीति निर्माताओं ने देश की औद्योगिक संरचना तथा अनुसंधान पर ध्यान केद्रित किया। निस्संदेह श्रम आधारित उद्योगों में भारत तथा चीन से फिनलैंड प्रतिस्पर्धा करने में सक्षम नहीं था। इस कारण अनुसंधान तथा तकनीकी नवाचार को बढ़ावा दिया जाना आवश्यक था, जिससे अंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार में फिनलैंड का अपना मुकाम बन सके। फिनलैंड में अनुसंधान तथा नई प्रौद्यौगिकियों के विकास पर हर साल अरबों डॉलर खर्च किए जाते हैं। एक अनुसंधान के मुताबिक फिनलैंड सकल घरेलु उत्पाद का लगभग 3.5 प्रतिशत शोध तथा विकास पर खर्च करता है तथा निकट भविष्य मे इसे 4 प्रतिशत करने का लक्ष्य है। इस धन का उपयोग सरकार द्वारा स्थापित सेंटर ऑफ स्ट्रेटेजिक एक्सीलेंस के माध्यम से किया जाता है जो विभिन्न क्षेत्रों मे स्थापित किए गए हैं। सरकार के अलावा निजी कंपनिया भी काफी धन तकनीकी विकास पर खर्च करती हैं। फिनलैंड के नीति निर्माताओं का एक अन्य महत्वपूर्ण प्रयास राष्ट्रीय अभिनव प्रणाली (नेशनल इनोवेशन सिस्टम) की स्थापना करना है। इसका लक्ष्य शोध तथा तकनीकी विकास सुनिश्चित करना है। इसके माध्यम से देश में एक ऐसा नेटवर्क तैयार किया गया है, जिसमें शैक्षिक एवं शोध संस्थाओं के साथ-साथ निजी कंपनियों को प्रमुख रूप से शामिल किया गया है। इन नेटवकरें के माध्यम से बड़ी कंपनियों के साथ-साथ छोटी कंपनियां भी लाभान्वित होती हैं। शायद यही कारण है फिनलैंड की छोटी-छोटी कंपनियां भी विश्व बाजार में तकनीकी कौशल के लिए जाना जाती हैं। शोध तथा शैक्षिक संस्थाओं का कार्य तकनीकी का विकास करना है। जबकि कंपनियां इन तकनीकों के उपयोगकर्ता के रूप मे जानी जाती हैं। भारत में भी इस प्रकार के नेटवर्क की आवश्यकता को ध्यान में रखते हुए राष्ट्रीय अभिनव परिषद (नेशनल इनोवेशन काउंसिल) का गठन किया गया है तथा प्रत्येक राज्य सरकार को राज्य स्तरीय अभिनव परिषद गठित करने का सुझाव दिया गया है। हालांकि केवल दो या तीन राज्यों ने इस पर गंभीरता दिखाते हुए इनकी स्थापना की प्रक्रिया प्रारंभ की है। फिनलैंड की शिक्षा व्यवस्था संसार में अपना विशेष स्थान रखती है। यहां शिक्षा पूर्ण रूप से नि:शुल्क दी जाती है। मंदी के दौर मे भी वहां की सरकारों ने शैक्षिक संस्थाओं को दी जाने वाली सहायता में कटौती नहीं की। फिनलैंड के विकास का मुख्य कारण एक दीर्घकालिक नीति है जिसका आधार व्यापारिक जगत तथा शैक्षिक संस्थानों के बीच उच्चस्तरीय संामजस्य है। भारत में इस प्रकार के संामजस्य का अभाव है। यहां के शैक्षिक संस्थान व्यापारिक जगत के लिए उत्तरदायी नहीं हैं। इसके अलावा व्यापारिक जगत के माध्यम से शैक्षिक एवं शोध संस्थानों को पर्याप्त धन उपलब्ध नहीं कराया जाता है। आने वाले समय में भारत को शोध तथा तकनीकि विकास को बढ़ावा देना होगा। शायद फिनलैंड ने जो 80 के दशक में किया भारत को आने वाले दशक में विश्व व्यापार में अग्रणी भूमिका निभाने के लिए करना होगा।

लीबिया : मुअम्मर गद्दाफी तानाशाह

इसमें कोई किंतु-परंतु नहीं कि 42 साल तक लीबिया में शासन करने वाले मुअम्मर गद्दाफी तानाशाह थे, क्योंकि वह खुद यह कहते थे कि उनके देश में लोकतंत्र के लिए कोई स्थान नहीं हो सकता। इस पर भी आश्चर्य नहीं कि अंतिम क्षणों में वह रहम की भीख मांगे रहते और फिर भी अपने ही लोगों द्वारा घेर कर मार डाले गए, क्योंकि ज्यादातर तानाशाहों का अंत इसी तरह होता आया है। यह भी सही है कि गद्दाफी की मौत के बाद लीबिया में जश्न का माहौल है, लेकिन दुनिया को इस सवाल का जवाब शायद ही मिल सके कि जिन पश्चिमी देशों ने उनका पराभव सुनिश्चित किया वे चार दशकों तक उनका साथ क्यों देते रहे? गद्दाफी के खात्मे के बाद अमेरिका और यूरोपीय देशों ने खास तौर पर यह रेखांकित किया है कि अब इस देश में एक नए युग की शुरुआत होगी। अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति ने गद्दाफी के खात्मे के लिए नाटो की अगुआई में चले अभियान पर गर्व प्रकट किया है, लेकिन दुनिया को यह स्मरण है कि मुश्किल से दो साल पहले वह एक अंतरराष्ट्रीय सम्मेलन में गद्दाफी से हाथ मिला रहे थे। यदि पिछले 42 वर्षो के एक छोटे से कालखंड को छोड़ दिया जाए तो गद्दाफी के निरंकुश शासन वाले लीबिया के अमेरिका और यूरोप से मधुर संबंध बने रहे।

तकनीक की दुनिया का युग पुरुष

दुनिया की शीर्ष आइटी कंपनी एपल के संस्थापक स्टीव जॉब्स ने कई साल तक कैंसर से लड़ने के बाद पांच अक्टूबर को इस दुनिया से विदा ले ली। महज 56 साल की उम्र में स्टीव जॉब्स का चला जाना न सिर्फ सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी जगत बल्कि पूरी दुनिया के लिए बहुत बड़ा आघात है। वह सिर्फ सपने देखने वाले ही नहीं थे, बल्कि सपनों को सच करके भी दिखाते थे। वह अपनी तकनीकों, उत्पादों और विचारों के जरिए विश्व में क्रांतिकारी बदलाव लाए। आइटी की दुनिया में तकनीक का सृजन करने वाले तो बहुत हैं, लेकिन उसे सामान्य लोगों के अनुरूप ढालने और खूबसूरत रूप देने वाले बहुत कम। स्टीव जॉब्स एक बहुमुखी प्रतिभा, एक पूर्णतावादी, करिश्माई तकनीकविद और अद्वितीय रचनाकर्मी थे। तकनीक के संदर्भ में उन्हें एक पूर्ण पुरुष कहना गलत नहीं होगा। उनके देखे 56 वसंतों के दौरान अगर यह विश्व क्रांतिकारी ढंग से बदल गया है तो इसमें खुद स्टीव जॉब्स की भूमिका भी कम नहीं है। अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति बराक ओबामा ने उन्हें श्रद्धांजलि देते हुए बिल्कुल सही कहा कि स्टीव की सफलता के प्रति इससे बड़ी श्रद्धांजलि और क्या होगी कि विश्व के एक बड़े हिस्से को उनके निधन की जानकारी उन्हीं के द्वारा आविष्कृत किसी न किसी यंत्र के जरिए मिली। स्टीव जॉब्स का जीवन अनगिनत पहलुओं, किंवदंतियों और प्रेरक कथाओं का अद्भुत संकलन रहा है। हर मामले में वह दूसरों से अलग किंतु शीर्ष पर दिखाई दिए। चाहे वह एपल से निकलने के बाद का संघर्ष हो या फिर लंबी जद्दोजहद के बाद उसी एपल में वापसी और फिर उसे आइटी की महानतम कंपनी बनाने की उनकी सफलता। माइक्रोसॉफ्ट के संस्थापक बिल गेट्स के साथ उनकी लंबी प्रतिद्वंद्विता के भी दर्जनों किस्से रहे हैं। दोनों किसी समय साथ-साथ थे, किंतु बाद में अलग-अलग रास्तों पर चले गए। सकारात्मक प्रतिद्वंद्विता की इस प्रेरक दंतकथा के उतार-चढ़ाव तकनीकी विश्व के बाकी दिग्गजों के लिए सीखने के नए अध्याय बनते चले गए। किंतु अंतत: स्टीव एक विजेता के रूप में विदा हुए। कोई डेढ़ साल पहले एपल ने माइक्रोसॉफ्ट को पछाड़कर दुनिया की सबसे बड़ी तकनीकी कंपनी बनने का गौरव प्राप्त किया। स्टीव के योगदान को बिल गेट्स से बेहतर कौन आंक सकता है, जिन्होंने उनके निधन पर कहा कि दुनिया पर किसी एक व्यक्ति द्वारा इतना जबरदस्त प्रभाव डालने की मिसाल दुर्लभ ही है। स्टीव के योगदान का प्रभाव आने वाली पीढि़यां भी महसूस करेंगी। विलक्षण थे स्टीव जॉब्स। वह सामान्य वैज्ञानिकों, तकनीकी विशषज्ञों, शोधकर्ताओं, विद्वानों, अन्वेषकों, आविष्कारकों, उद्यमियों में नहीं गिने जा सकते। वह तो ये सब थे, बल्कि उससे भी कहीं अधिक एक भविष्यदृष्टा। तकनीक में वह शीर्ष पर पहुंचे, डिजाइन में उनका कोई सानी नहीं था, मार्केटिंग तथा ब्रांडिंग के दिग्गज भी उनकी रणनीतियों का विश्लेषण करने में लगे रहते थे। वह आगे चलने वाले व्यक्ति थे, बाकी लोग बस उनका अनुगमन करते थे। स्टीव इस सहश्चाब्दि की महान प्रतिभा थे। स्टीव ने हमेशा बड़े सपने देखे, बड़ी कल्पनाएं कीं। जब कंप्यूटिंग की दुनिया काली स्क्रीनों से जद्दोजहद करती थी, वे मैकिंटोश कंप्यूटरों के माध्यम से ग्राफिकल यूजर इंटरफेस; कंप्यूटर की चित्रात्मक मॉनीटर स्क्रीन ले आए। जब इस मशीन के साथ हमारा संवाद कीबोर्ड तक सिमटा हुआ था तब उन्होंने माउस को लोकप्रिय बनाकर कंप्यूटिंग को काफी आसान और दोस्ताना बना दिया। कंप्यूटर के सीपीयू टावर का झंझट खत्म कर उसे मॉनीटर के भीतर ही समाहित कर दिया तो सिंगल इलेक्टि्रक वायर कंप्यूटिंग डिवाइस पेश कर हमें तारों के जंजाल में उलझने से बचाया। इसके बाद आइपॉड (2001), आइफोन (2007) तथा आइपैड (2010) की अपरिमित सफलता हमारे सामने आई। जब दुनिया कीबोर्ड और मोबाइल कीपैड में उलझी थी, तो उन्होंने हमें टचस्क्रीन से परिचित कराया। स्टीव जॉब्स थे ही ऐसे। अनूठे, अलग, मनमौजी किंतु परिणाम देने के लिए किसी भी हद तक जाने वाले। भारत से उनका गहरा रिश्ता रहा। स्टीव ने भारत में घूम-घूमकर मानसिक शांति की तलाश का उपक्रम किया। इसी आध्यात्मिक गहराई ने स्टीव के व्यक्तित्व और प्रतिभा को वह गहनता दी होगी, जिसके बल पर उन्होंने न सिर्फ तकनीकी विश्व के दिग्गजों के साथ प्रतिद्वंद्विता में कभी हार नहीं मानी, बल्कि कैंसर जैसे अपराजेय प्रतिद्वंद्वी के सामने भी प्रबल आत्मबल का परिचय दिया। स्टीव जानते थे कि उनके इलाज की अपनी सीमाएं हैं और तमाम कोशिशों के बावजूद उन्हें जाना होगा। छह साल पहले उन्होंने कहा था, इस बात का अहसास कि जल्दी ही मेरा निधन हो जाएगा, मेरे जीवन का सबसे बड़ा साधन है जो मुझे बड़े निर्णय करने के लिए प्रेरित करता है। इस अहसास ने मुझे किसी भी चीज को खोने की आशंकाओं के जंजाल से मुक्त कर दिया है। तुम्हारा समय सीमित है, इसलिए इसे किसी और का जीवन जीकर व्यर्थ मत करो। सिर्फ अपनी आत्मा की आवाज पर चलो। यही आध्यात्मिक और आत्मिक गहराई स्टीव जॉब्स को वह ऊंचाई देती है, जिसका पर्याय उनका आदर्श जीवन बना। स्टीफन पॉल जॉब्स अपनी कल्पनाओं, हौसलों, प्रेरणाओं और लक्ष्यों में हम आपका अक्स देख सकते हैं। कम लोग होते हैं जो दुनिया पर वैसी अमिट छाप छोड़कर जाते हैं, जैसी आपने छोड़ी।

A Smile For Healthy Life

Start every day with a smile and get it over with.
The world always looks brighter from behind a smile.
Before you put on a frown, make absolutely sure there are no smiles available.
A smile is an inexpensive way to change your looks. ~Charles Gordy
Wrinkles should merely indicate where smiles have been. ~Mark Twain, Following the Equator
The robbed that smiles, steals something from the thief. ~William Shakespeare, Othello
A smile is the light in the window of your face that tells people you're at home. ~Author Unknown
If you smile when no one else is around, you really mean it. ~Andy Rooney
f you smile at someone, they might smile back. ~Author Unknown
Life is like a mirror, we get the best results when we smile at it. ~Author Unknown
Always remember to be happy because you never know who's falling in love with your smile. ~Author Unknown
Everyone smiles in the same language. ~Author Unknown
If you don't have a smile, I'll give you one of mine. ~Author Unknown
I've never seen a smiling face that was not beautiful. ~Author Unknown
Wear a smile and have friends; wear a scowl and have wrinkles. ~George Eliot
She gave me a smile I could feel in my hip pocket. ~Raymond Chandler
Smiling is infectious,
You can catch it like the flu.
Someone smiled at me today,
And I started smiling too.
~Author Unknown
A smile appeared upon her face as if she'd taken it directly from her handbag and pinned it there. ~Loma Chandler
A laugh is a smile that bursts. ~Mary H. Waldrip
Smile - sunshine is good for your teeth. ~Author Unknown
The shortest distance between two people is a smile. ~Author Unknown
If you don't start out the day with a smile, it's not too late to start practicing for tomorrow. ~Author Unknown
Is a smile a question? Or is it the answer? ~Lee Smith
Smiling is my favorite exercise. ~Author Unknown
No matter how grouchy you're feeling,
You'll find the smile more or less healing.
It grows in a wreath
All around the front teeth -
Thus preserving the face from congealing.
~Anthony Euwer
Every day you spend without a smile, is a lost day. ~Author Unknown
Everytime you smile at someone, it is an action of love, a gift to that person, a beautiful thing. ~Mother Teresa
A friendly look, a kindly smile, one good act, and life's worthwhile. ~Author Unknown
A kind heart is a fountain of gladness, making everything in its vicinity freshen into smiles. ~Washington Irving
Beauty is power; a smile is its sword. ~Charles Reade
A smile is the universal welcome. ~Max Eastman
Keep smiling - it makes people wonder what you've been up to. ~Author Unknown
A smile is the universal welcome. ~Max Eastman

जो कहा, वो कर के दिखाया ..... सुधार की राह में एक और सुनहरा कदम !!

जो कहा, वो कर के दिखाया ..... सुधार की राह में एक और सुनहरा कदम !!

 

http://morningindians.blogspot.com

May Day As Labours Day in India

    May Day, the first day of the month of May is celebrated all over India as a spring fertility festival to honour goddess spring. The day also commemorates the “International Worker’s Day” which has a historic significance. It is also a day of political protests. May Day is otherwise observed as a saint's feast day or a day for organized labor. In many countries, it is a public holiday.


May Day as Labour Day

In many countries including India, May Day is also celebrated as Labour Day. The day originates with the US labour movement in the late 19th century. The history of the movement dates back to May 1, 1886. On this day several labour unions across the US went on strike, demanding a standard workday of eight hours. On May 4th there was bloodshed in Chicago's Haymarket Square – A bomb thrown by a revolutionist led to the deaths of a dozen people (including several police officers) and the injury of over 100 people. 
The protests did not get an immediate outcome, but they proved effective subsequently, as eight-hour work days became the norm in many countries across the globe. This day was hence chosen as a day for demonstrations, parades, and speeches. It is a major state holiday in US, Russia and other communist countries. In India, May Day has also been declared a public holiday.

Labour Day is celebrated on May 1 in many countries around the world and it is still often a day for protests and rallies. On this day, various labour organizations across the country carry out processions and organize competitions for children belonging to labour class.

However, in recent years, the celebration of this day has taken a new turn, where the workers and trade unions demand to safeguard their interests and give the economic reforms a humane face.

    Obviously, it's necessary good sign for their path breaking sign to achieve family & social security. It's demanded more and more to make labour law  stronger and stronger. I hope it's time taken activity. Goverment should do justice to make labour law justifiable and implement it with democratically without any hesitation. 



                          "Take time to work, it is the price of success.
                           Take time to think, it is the source of power.
                           Take time to play, it is the secret of perpetual youth. 
                           Take time to be friendly, it is the road to happiness." 

Celebrate an Eco Friendly Holi

  Ideally, the joyous festival of Holi is meant to celebrate the arrival of Spring while the colors used in Holi are to reflect of the various hues of spring season. But unfortunately, in modern times Holi does not stand for all things beautiful. Like various other festivals, Holi too has become ruthlessly commercialized, boisterous and yet another source of environmental degradation. To de-pollute Holi and make it in synchronized with nature, as it is supposed to be, several social and environmental groups are proposing a return to more natural ways of celebrating Holi. 

You must know about the three main environmental concerns around Holi :-
The use of toxic chemical colours.
The use of wood for burning Holi fires.
The wasteful use of water during Holi.




1. Harmful Effects of Chemical Colours
 In earlier times when festival celebrations were not so much commercialized Holi colors were prepared from the flowers of trees that blossomed during spring, such as the Indian Coral Tree (parijat) and the Flame of the Forest (Kesu), both of which have bright red flowers. These and several other blossoms provided the raw material from which the brilliant shades of Holi colours were made. Most of these trees also had medicinal properties and Holi colors prepared from them were actually beneficial to the skin.
Over the years, with the disappearance of trees in urban areas and greater stress for higher profits these natural colours came to be replaced by industrial dyes manufactured through chemical processes. 


Harmful Chemicals in Holi Paste type colors:
According to their researched fact sheet on Holi, the pastes contain very toxic chemicals that can have severe health effects. Please check the table below to know about the chemical used in various Holi colors and their harmful effects on human body.


Color Chemical                                  Health Effects
Black Lead oxide                          Renal Failure
Green Copper Sulphate                  Eye Allergy, Puffiness and temporary blindness
Silver Aluminium Bromide                  Carcinogenic
Blue Prussian Blue                                  Contract Dermatitis
Red Mercury Sulphite                          Highly toxic can cause skin cancer

Harmful Chemicals in Gulal:
The dry colours, commonly known as gulals, have two components – a colourant that is toxic and a base which could be either asbestos or silica, both of which cause health problems. Heavy metals contained in the colourants can cause asthma, skin diseases and adversely affect the eyes.

Harms of Wet Holi Colors:
Wet colours, mostly use Gentian violet as a colour concentrate which can cause skin dis-colouration and dermatitis. These days, Holi colours are sold loosely, on the roads, by small traders who often do not know the source. Sometimes, the colours come in boxes that specifically say ‘For industrial use only’.

Make color in home:  
 Holi festival lovers will be thrilled to know that it is possible to make simple natural colors in one’s own kitchen. Here are some very simple recipes to make natural colours:

Color      Method of Preparation

Yellow:                     (1) Mix turmeric (haldi) powder with chick pea flour (besan) 
                                     (2) Boil Marigold or Tesu flowers in water 


Yellow liquid color:    Soak peels of pomegranate (Anar) overnight.


Deep Pink:                 Slice a beetroot and soak in water


Orange - red paste:    Henna leaves (mehndi) can be dried, powdered and mixed with water.

Purchase Natural Holi Colors:
For those who do not have the time to make their own colours, there is the choice of buying natural Holi colours. Several groups are now producing and promoting such colours, although it is important to verify the ingredients of the colours and ensure you know enough about the source.

2. The Holi Bonfire
The burning of fuel wood to create the bonfire for Holika Dahan presents another serious environmental problem.  Groups such as Sadvichar Parivar are now advocating one symbolic community fire, rather than several smaller bonfires across the city as a way to reduce wood consumption. Others are also suggesting that these fires be lit using waste material rather than wood.

3. A Dry Holi : Best Option
  In the current situation, when most cities in India are facing acute water scarcity, the wasteful use of water during Holi, is also being questioned. It is common for people to douse each other with buckets of water during Holi, and children often resort to throwing water balloons at each other. The idea of a dry Holi seems alien at first, especially as the climate becomes warmer around Holi, and the water provides welcome relief from the heat. However, considering that in some urban areas, citizens can go without water for several days, it seems wasteful to use so much water simply for a celebration.


Happy Holi. Lets play Holi.

Today is International Women's Day

 Every year on 8th march we celebrated women's day. Can we think what is the purpose of celebrating purpose this day. Because we can think & judge power and ability they have. International Womens Day is an occasion and celebrated on 8 March all over the world. Women’s Day date (8 March) is also venerated at the United Nations and is designated in many countries as a national holiday. Women from all continents often segregated by linguistic, cultural, ethnic, financial and political distinctions. Women have been started at least ten decades of struggle for social equality, social justice, peace and development.

 Each year around the world, International Women's Day (IWD) is celebrated on March 8. Hundreds of events occur not just on this day but throughout March to mark the economic, political and social achievements of women.

 Why dedicate a day exclusively to the celebration of the world's women? In adopting its resolution on the observance of Women's Day, the General Assembly cited two reasons: to recognize the fact that securing peace and social progress and the full enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms require the active participation, equality and development of women; and to acknowledge the contribution of women to the strengthening of international peace and security. For the women of the world, the Day's symbolism has a wider meaning: It is an occasion to review how far they have come in their struggle for equality, peace and development. It is also an opportunity to unite, network and mobilize for meaningful change.

The fastest way to change society is to mobilize the women of the world. Because, women are the real architects of society. 

Organisations, governments and women's groups around the world choose different themes each year that reflect global and local gender issues.

Below are some of the global United Nation themes used for International Women's Day to date:
- 2011: Equal access to education, training and science and technology: Pathway to decent work for women
- 2010: Equal rights, equal opportunities: Progress for all
- 2009: Women and men united to end violence against women and girls
- 2008: Investing in Women and Girls
- 2007: Ending Impunity for Violence against Women and Girls
- 2006: Women in decision-making
- 2005: Gender Equality Beyond 2005: Building a More Secure Future
- 2004: Women and HIV/AIDS
- 2003: Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals
- 2002: Afghan Women Today: Realities and Opportunities
- 2001: Women and Peace: Women Managing Conflicts
- 2000: Women Uniting for Peace
- 1999: World Free of Violence against Women
- 1998: Women and Human Rights
- 1997: Women at the Peace Table
- 1996: Celebrating the Past, Planning for the Future
- 1975: First IWD celebrated by the United Nations
  I hope one day they got their honor and position in society.  
  Happy Women's day!
For more details you can visit here:-
http://www.un.org/en/events/women/iwd/2011/
http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/un/international-womens-day
http://internationalwomensday.org/
http://www.internationalwomensday.com
http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/women/womday97.htm

Difference between Web Site and Web Application in ASP.net

 I've been asked several times what is the difference between Website and WebApplication in Visual Studio (where WebSite is present only in versions 2005, 2008 and 2010). If you aren't familiar with Visual Studio 2005/2008/2010 you may think that a WebApplication and WebSite are the same. I would like to tell a story to explain this further.

In Visual 2002 and 2003 there was only WebApplication and it was never spoken about WebSite. With the arrival of Visual Studio 2005 along with the framework .Net 2.0, it also appeared what Microsoft thought to be the salvation of the collaborative world of coding: The WebSite.

Guess what happened at the launch of Visual Studio 2005? The VS 2005 for web projects had only the option of WebSite and then the asp.net community complaints began. The complaints gained strength and Microsoft included in the Service Pack 1 for Visual Studio 2005 the option of WebApplication which was very similar to the 2002 and 2003 previous versions (Remember: before Service Pack 1, it was released a specific update to support WebApplication, but for those who still use the VS 2005, I highly recommend updating the SP1 and other updates from Microsoft Update).

WebSite in Visual Studio

A Website is just a group of files in a folder and subfolders where the classes are in the same namespace (in Java, namespace is similar to the package).

Something interesting about Website is that, when debugging an application, you can change the source code of a class (.cs or .vb) and continue the debugging process obeying its changes, something that is not possible when using WebApplication.

You can create a WebSite using the menu "File > New > Web Site...". There are three options for the file location:

• File System: Allows you to choose a physical folder.
• HTTP: Allows you to choose a virtual folder.
• FTP: Allows you to choose an FTP address.

In any case above no project file (.csproj or .vbproj) is automatically created. There will be neither a "bin" folder (except in deploy - explanation below) nor a single assembly file (dll).

The biggest difference between Website and WebApplication is in the deployment ("Publish"). In WebApplication, the deployment process simply consists in a DLL for each project in a solution (.sln). In WebSite, we have 3 deployment options as described below:

1. Fully open source code: This type of deployment maintains all your source code in the host server, including classes. To perform this type of deployment, just copy all the files from the Website folder to the Web Server or use the "Copy WebSite" option as described below:
   
    
2. Source code of precompiled classes and pages (.aspx) with open source.
   To publish your site so that only the classes must be precompiled, you must keep your "Publish WebSite" this way:
   
    
3. All WebSite precompiled, including pages (.aspx).
   In this option, the pages (ASPX) will be with only one line of code: "This is a marker file generated by the precompilation tool, and should not be deleted!", that is, the file is only for the web server to know that the page exists, since all the contents will be precompiled in the "bin" folder.
   

A tip for those using the types 2 and 3: Use "Use fixed naming and single page assemblies" option. This option will set fixed names for the DLL files. If you do not use this option, each generated deploy will change the DLL names and you will get unused files in your BIN folder (if you delete your entire site before publishing it, it makes no difference using this option).

Web Application in Visual Studio

To create a WebApplication: File > New > Project. Select Web and then choose the application type ASP.NET Web Application.

A "Web Application Project" organizes the project files in a file called <ProjectName>.csproj (C#) or <ProjectName>.vbproj (VB.net). These files can be useful for those performing auto deploy along with the Source Safe creating "labels", for instance.

Its only type of build or deployment creates a single DLL file (precompilation) that is in the BIN folder of the project. In WebSite, everything that is added takes part in the deployment, on the other hand, in Web Application, it is possible to add DOC files, for example, and setting them so that they will not take part in the deployment. To do this,  click the mouse right button on the desired file in the project and then "Properties", change the "Build Action" to "None".

Web Application has its classes organized by namespaces, classes can be created in any folder of the project, unlike what happens in Website where you can only enter classes in App_Code folder.

Performance

We know that .NET has two phases of compilation. The first one, when you perform the build, is the so-called precompilation where the DLL files are precompiled in a common language (Intermediate Language) for .NET Framework. The second one is when the application runs, at this moment, the binary compiling occurs.

Because the application compilation occurs two times,  the speed in Website is being questioned and it will depend on the type of deployment (as seen above) used. Deploy Option 3 of WebSite should be considered the fastest, but during tests performed on the client (browser),  the result is negligible compared to Web Application.

Comparing WebSite X Web Application

	WebApplication	WebSite
Project file	Yes	No
App_Code folder	Yes*	Yes
Classes organized by Namespaces	Yes	No
Deployment Options	1	3
Classes changing in Debugging	No	Yes
Page changing (.aspx) in Debugging	Yes	Yes
File Properties in the project	Yes	No

*You must create it manually using the New Folder option and, if necessary, change the property "Build Action" of the classes inside App_Code folder to "Compile".

Conclusion

Using Website or Web Application can appear, depending on the case, indifferent, so it is necessary to analyze the environment, the way of managing the source code, versioning and generation of builds and deployments.

From my personal experience with ASP.NET, I realized that Website has already caused some problems in the company I work related to references, deployments and Source Safe versioning (sometimes even due to a lack of knowledge itself).

In a Web Application we have better control over configuration, mainly because we have the project properties and the properties of each file in Visual Studio. Due to these properties we can better work with COM+ objects (eg, setting Copy Local = true on the reference). We can also generate builds in Debug and/or Release mode and the source code is organized into namespaces.

Probably if you use Visual Studio just at home for personal projects, you may end up liking Website, but when using it in large enterprise projects where build and deployment are key parts of the process, Web Application ends up being the best option.

Happy Coding....

Thanks, Have a nice day!

Prism (Composite Application Guidance for WPF and Silverlight)

   Prism provides guidance designed to help you more easily design and build rich, flexible, and easy-to-maintain Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) desktop applications and Silverlight Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) and Windows Phone 7 applications. Using design patterns that embody important architectural design principles, such as separation of concerns and loose coupling, Prism helps you to design and build applications using loosely coupled components that can evolve independently but which can be easily and seamlessly integrated into the overall application. These types of applications are known as composite applications.


The Composite Application Guidance can help you develop your client application in a modular fashion. With this approach, you manage the complexity of a large application by breaking it down into smaller, simpler modules. The modules can evolve independently while working together as a unified application.


Fore more details:-
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/dd943055.aspx
http://www.codeproject.com/KB/WPF/Prism21WPF.aspx
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc785479.aspx
http://channel9.msdn.com/Blogs/mtaulty/Prism--Silverlight-Part-10-A-Larger-Example-Email-Client

Abject poverty mercilessly grinds down the masses.

Poverty is widespread in India. The World Bank estimates that 456 million Indians (41.6% of the total Indian population) now live under the global poverty line of US$ 1.25 per day (PPP). This means that a third of the global poor now reside in India.. Basically, labor sector with no job or social security, living in abject poverty.
Poverty is widespread in India, with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor. World Bank estimates, 80% of India's population lives on less than $2 a day. According to a 2005 World Bank estimate, 41% of India falls below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day (PPP, in nominal terms  21.6 a day in urban areas and  14.3 in rural areas); having reduced from 60% in 1981.

However, according to the latest NCAER estimates, in 2009, only 15.6% of the households or 200 million people, had income levels less than  45,000 annually(US$ 1.4 PPP per person).On the other hand, the Planning Commission of India uses its own criteria and has estimated that 27.5% of the population was living below the poverty line in 2004–2005, down from 51.3% in 1977–1978, and 36% in 1993-1994. The source for this was the 61st round of the National Sample Survey (NSS) and the criterion used was monthly per capita consumption expenditure below 356.35 for rural areas and 538.60 for urban areas. 75% of the poor are in rural areas, most of them are daily wagers, self-employed householders and landless labourers.
Although the Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades, its growth has been uneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographic regions, and rural and urban areas. Between 1999 and 2008, the annualized growth rates for Gujarat (8.8%), Haryana (8.7%), or Delhi (7.4%) were much higher than for Bihar (5.1%), Uttar Pradesh (4.4%), or Madhya Pradesh (3.5%).  Poverty rates in rural Orissa (43%) and rural Bihar (41%) are among the world's most extreme.  A study by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative using a Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) found that there were 645 million poor living under the MPI in India, 421 million of whom are concentrated in Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. This number is higher than the 410 million poor living in the 26 poorest African nations.
 According to a recently released World Bank report, India is on track to meet its poverty reduction goals. However by 2015, an estimated 53 million people will still live in extreme poverty and 23.6% of the population will still live under US$1.25 per day. This number is expected to reduce to 20.3% or 268 million people by 2020. However, at the same time, the effects of the worldwide recession in 2009 have plunged 100 million more Indians into poverty than there were in 2004, increasing the effective poverty rate from 27.5% to 37.2%.

Persistence of malnutrition among children


According to the New York Times, is estimated that about 42.5% of the children in India suffer from malnutrition. The World Bank, citing estimates made by the World Health Organization, states "that about 49 per cent of the world's underweight children, 34 per cent of the world's stunted children and 46 per cent of the world's wasted children, live in India." The World Bank also noted that "while poverty is often the underlying cause of malnutrition in children, the superior economic growth experienced by South Asian countries compared to those in Sub-Saharan Africa, has not translated into superior nutritional status for the South Asian child."
A special commission to the Indian Supreme court has noted that the child malnutrition rate in India is twice as great as sub-Saharan Africa.

Abject poverty rails against ostentatious riches

 Poverty entails untold misery upon the earth. Life gives nothing at all to countless millions of children that are born and condemns them at the very moment of their birth to live in physical and moral wretchedness. They are born for sorrow and suffering. Life does not hold many happy days for them. The shadow of destitution hangs over their hovels. Fierce and remorseless is their struggle to win their daily bread. Starvation stares in their eyes. From sunrise to sunset they are on their legs for the merest pittance. Soaked in sweat, they toil and moil with their stooped shoulders and shrunken bodies. They have many more mouths to feed than the scanty food they have in the larder. They go to bed hungry on many more nights than filled. They lay on their beds of mattress or on bare floor at night. They snuggle together in a blanket, if they have one and whimper.

The poor in this world of plenty are in perpetual agony. Abject poverty mercilessly grinds down the masses. They have no wherewithal to lodge and clothe and feed and are without the barest means of sustaining life. The starving mothers could not give their breasts to their children. They slave all their lives, yet know not the joys of wholesome existence. The cold wind and frost of poverty withers them. Desperate is their plight and slowly do they starve to death. Condemned to live in the midst of dirt and filth and disease, they die of starvation and they die neglected. Famine and plague kill them like flies. Harrowing are the stories of the destitute. No wonder the poor everywhere are embittered against the whole world.

The mother earth can nourish with ease all that live upon her gentle bosom. Science and machine can make the world a good place to live in for every man and woman and child. They can relieve all men and children of undue hard labor and drudgery and leave them leisure to develop their mind. Mass production by machine can provide something for everyone in the world. Yet countless millions starve in the midst of plenty and are haunted by the specter of destitution. Man's maladjustments bring starvation for swarming millions and fattening in unbounded luxuries for a small number of parasites. Life to those who amass colossal fortunes by corrupt means is a perpetual revel. They feed fastidiously and live luxuriously. They use their riches in riotous waste.

Saraswati Puja: The Festival Of Goddess Saraswati

Goddess Saraswati is represented as a graceful woman in white, a symbol of purity and peace. She is the Goddess who signifies knowledge, learning, arts and culture. She is seen as the serene Goddess wearing a crescent moon on her brow riding a swan or seated on a lotus flower. Saraswati Puja is performed to pay allegiance to the Goddess of learning.

The Mythology

In the Vedas, Goddess Saraswati is refered as the water deity and is revered for her purifying and enriching powers. The Goddess of knowledge and learning is said to have invented Sanskrit, the language of the Brahmins, of scriptures and scholars.
It is also believed that it was Goddess Saraswati who discovered 'amrit' in the Himalayas and brought it to the other gods. She was said to be identical with Viraj being created out of the substance of Purusha or Prajapati and thus is the instrument of creation. As Brahma's wife, she provides the power to execute what Brahma conceives with his creative intelligence. She is the goddess of all the creative arts and in particular of poetry and music, learning and science.

The Celebration of Saraswati Puja

Saraswati puja is celebrated through out the country. The Goddess of knowledge is revered among the students and learned who strictly follow all the rituals to worship her. The festivities that accompany Saraswati puja is a part of the social celebrations. Young girls are seen in yellow saaries. Pushpanjali (offering of flowers along with mantras) are offered. Bright palash flowers are offerd that are a part of the worship.Young people enjoy the day with each other. Cultural programmes are staged at night. The Goddess who is the patron of music, culture and learning is revered by singers and musicians with great devotion.

Making a Great First Impression

It takes just a quick glance, maybe three seconds, for someone to evaluate you when you meet for the first time. In this short time, the other person forms an opinion about you based on your appearance, your body language, your demeanor, your mannerisms, and how you are dressed.
With every new encounter, you are evaluated and yet another person's impression of you is formed. These first impression can be nearly impossible to reverse or undo, making those first encounters extremely important, for they set the tone for the all the relationships that follows.
So, whether they are in your career or social life, it's important to know how to create a good first impression. This article provides some useful tips to help you do this.
Be on Time
Someone you are meeting for the first time is not interested in your "good excuse" for running late. Plan to arrive a few minutes early. And allow flexibility for possible delays in traffic or taking a wrong turn. Arriving early is much better that arriving late, hands down, and is the first step in creating a great first impression.
Be Yourself, Be at Ease
If you are feeling uncomfortable and on edge, this can make the other person ill at ease and that's a sure way to create the wrong impression. If you are calm and confident, so the other person will feel more at ease, and so have a solid foundation for making that first impression a good one. See our section on relaxation techniques to find out how to calm that adrenaline!
Present Yourself Appropriately
Of course physical appearance matters. The person you are meeting for the first time does not know you and your appearance is usually the first clue he or she has to go on.
But it certainly does not mean you need to look like a model to create a strong and positive first impression. (Unless you are interviewing with your local model agency, of course!)
No. The key to a good impression is to present yourself appropriately.
They say a picture is worth a thousand words, and so the "picture" you first present says much about you to the person you are meeting. Is your appearance saying the right things to help create the right first impression?
Start with the way you dress. What is the appropriate dress for the meeting or occasion? In a business setting, what is the appropriate business attire? Suit, blazer, casual? And ask yourself what the person you'll be meeting is likely to wear – if your contact is in advertising or the music industry, a pinstripe business suit may not strike the right note!
For business and social meetings, appropriate dress also varies between countries and cultures, so it's something that you should pay particular attention to when in an unfamiliar setting or country. Make sure you know the traditions and norms.
And what about your grooming? Clean and tidy appearance is appropriate for most business and social occasions. A good haircut or shave. Clean and tidy clothes. Neat and tidy make up. Make sure your grooming is appropriate and helps make you feel "the part".
Appropriate dressing and grooming help make a good first impression and also help you feel "the part", and so feel more calm and confident. Add all of this up and you are well on your way to creating a good first impression.A Word about IndividualityThe good news is you can usually create a good impression without total conformity or losing your individuality. Yes, to make a good first impression you do need to "fit in" to some degree. But it all goes back to being appropriate for the situation. If in a business setting, wear appropriate business attire. If at a formal evening social event, wear appropriate evening attire. And express your individuality appropriately within that context.
A Winning Smile!
"Smile and the world smiles too."* So there's nothing like a smile to create a good first impression. A warm and confident smile will put both you and the other person at ease. So smiling is a winner when it comes to great first impressions. But don't go overboard with this – people who take this too far can seem insincere and smarmy, or can be seen to be "lightweights".
(*Author Unknown)
Be Open and Confident
When it comes to making the first impression, body language as well as appearance speaks much louder than words.
Use your body language to project appropriate confidence and self-assurance. Stand tall, smile (of course), make eye contact, greet with a firm handshake. All of this will help you project confidence and encourage both you and the other person to feel better at ease.
Almost everyone gets a little nervous when meeting someone for the first time, which can lead to nervous habits or sweaty palms. By being aware of your nervous habits, you can try to keep them in check. And controlling a nervous jitter or a nervous laugh will give you confidence and help the other person feel at ease. Again, see our section on relaxation techniques for help with this.Small Talk Goes A Long Way.Conversations are based on verbal give and take. It may help you to prepare questions you have for the person you are meeting for the first time beforehand. Or, take a few minutes to learn something about the person you meet for the first time before you get together. For instance, does he play golf? Does she work with a local charitable foundation?
Is there anything that you know of that you have in common with the person you are meeting? If so, this can be a great way to open the conversation and to keep it flowing.
Be Positive
Your attitude shows through in everything you do. Project a positive attitude, even in the face of criticism or in the case of nervousness. Strive to learn from your meeting and to contribute appropriately, maintaining an upbeat manner and a smile.
Be Courteous And Attentive
It goes without saying that good manners and polite, attentive and courteous behavior help make a good first impression. In fact, anything less can ruin the one chance you have at making that first impression. So be on your best behavior!
One modern manner worth mentioning is "turn off your mobile phone". What first impression will you create if you are already speaking to someone other than the person you are meeting for the first time? Your new acquaintance deserves 100% of your attention. Anything less and you'll create a less than good first impression.
Key Points
You have just a few seconds to make a good first impression and it's almost impossible ever to change it. So it's worth giving each new encounter your best shot. Much of what you need to do to make a good impression is common sense. But with a little extra thought and preparation, you can hone your intuitive style and make every first impression not just good but great.

C sharp programming : As you like it.

Now , You can play with dynamic pyramids(because you can input number as you want to output pyramid) and many different shapes from below mentioned programmed :-

Program(1): To print 1 * 10 Counting Table.

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Linq;

using System.Text;

namespace pyramid

{

    class Program

    {

        static void Main(string[] args)

        {           

            int k, l;

            for (k = 1; k < 11; k++)

            {

                for (l = 1; l < 11; l++)

                {

                    Console.Write("  |  ");

                    Console.Write(k * l);

                }

                Console.WriteLine("\n");

            }

            }

    }

}

Program(2): To print pyramid as you like.

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Linq;

using System.Text;

namespace pyramid

{

    class Program

    {

        static void Main(string[] args)

        {           

            {

                Console.WriteLine("Enter the value ");

                int k = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

                int n = k - 1;

                int x = 2 * (k - 1) + 1;

                for (int p = 0; p <= n; p++)

                {

                    for (int j = k - 1; j >= 0; j--)

                    {

                        Console.Write(" ");

                    }

                    for (int i = 0; i <= (x - 2 * (k - 1)); i++)

                    {

                        if (i % 2 == 1)

                        {

                            Console.Write("*");

                        }

                        else

                        {

                            Console.Write(" ");

                        }

                    }

                    Console.WriteLine();

                    k--;

                }

                Console.ReadLine();

            }

           }

    }

}

Program(3): To print Tower of Hanoui....

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Linq;

using System.Text;

namespace pyramid

{

    class Program

    {

        static void Main(string[] args)

        {           

            try

            {

                Console.Write("Enter the for Tower of Hanaui: ");

                int n = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

                for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)

                {

                    for (int j = n; j >= i; j--)

                    {

                        Console.Write(" ");

                    }

                    for (int k = 1; k <= i; k++)

                    {

                        Console.Write("*");

                    }

                    for (int m = 2; m <= i; m++)

                    {

                        Console.Write("*");

                    }

                    Console.WriteLine();

                    for (int a = 1; a <= n; a++)

                    {

                        for (int j = n; j >= i; j--)

                        {

                            Console.Write(" ");

                        }

                        for (int k = 1; k <= i; k++)

                        {

                            Console.Write("*");

                        }

                        for (int m = 2; m <= i; m++)

                        {

                            Console.Write("*");

                        }

                        Console.WriteLine();

                    }

                }

            }

            catch (Exception ex)

            {

                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);

            }            

       }

    }

} 

 Program(4): To print Zigzag Tower

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Linq;

using System.Text;

namespace pyramid

{

    class Program

    {

        static void Main(string[] args)

        {    

            try

            {

                Console.Write("Enter number for Zigzag Tower: ");

                int n = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

                for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)

                {

                    for (int j = n; j >= i; j--)

                    {

                        Console.Write(" ");

                    }

                    for (int k = 1; k <= i; k++)

                    {

                        Console.Write("*");

                    }

                    for (int m = 2; m <= i; m++)

                    {

                        Console.Write("*");

                    }

                    Console.WriteLine();

                    for (int a = 1; a <= n; a++)

                    {

                        for (int b = n; b >= a; b--)

                        {

                            Console.Write(" ");

                        }

                        for (int k = 1; k <= i; k++)

                        {

                            Console.Write("*");

                        }

                        for (int m = 2; m <= i; m++)

                        {

                            Console.Write("*");

                        }

                        Console.WriteLine();

                    }

                }

            }

            catch (Exception ex)

            {

                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);

            }           

      }

   }

}

Program(5): To print Nexted Pyramid...

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Linq;

using System.Text;

namespace pyramid

{

    class Program

    {

        static void Main(string[] args)

        {    

            try

            {

                Console.Write("Enter number for nexted pyramid: ");

                int n = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

                for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)

                {

                    for (int j = n; j >= i; j--)

                    {

                        Console.Write(" ");

                    }

                    for (int k = 1; k <= i; k++)

                    {

                        Console.Write("*");

                    }

                    for (int m = 2; m <= i; m++)

                    {

                        Console.Write("*");

                    }

                    Console.WriteLine();

                    for (int a = 1; a <= n; a++)

                    {

                        for (int b = n; b >= a; b--)

                        {

                            Console.Write(" ");

                        }

                        for (int c = 1; c <= a; c++)

                        {

                            Console.Write("*");

                        }

                        for (int d = 2; d <= a; d++)

                        {

                            Console.Write("*");

                        }

                        Console.WriteLine();

                    }

                }

            }

            catch (Exception ex)

            {

                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);

            }           

       }

   }

}

Program(6): To print two simultaneouly Pyramid...

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Linq;

using System.Text;

namespace pyramid

{

    class Program

    {

        static void Main(string[] args)

        {    

            try

            {

                Console.Write("Enter number for simultaneously pyramid: ");

                int n = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

                for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)

                {

                    for (int j = n; j >= i; j--)

                    {

                        Console.Write(" ");

                    }

                    for (int k = 1; k <= i; k++)

                    {

                        Console.Write("*");

                    }

                    for (int m = 2; m <= i; m++)

                    {

                        Console.Write("*");

                    }

                    Console.WriteLine();

                }

                {

                    for (int a = 1; a <= n; a++)

                    {

                        for (int b = n; b >= a; b--)

                        {

                            Console.Write(" ");

                        }

                        for (int c = 1; c <= a; c++)

                        {

                            Console.Write("*");

                        }

                        for (int d = 2; d <= a; d++)

                        {

                            Console.Write("*");

                        }

                        Console.WriteLine();

                    }

                }

            }

            catch (Exception ex)

            {

                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);

            }          

       }

    }

}

  I hope you enjoy and learn lots of programming concepts; basically looping concepts. You can contact us through this blog or email me at: ksantosh.mca@gmail.com

Thanks, Happy programming.. 

S. K. Singh